Apush chapter 24 john d rockefeller biography

WikiNotes

The Iron Colt Becomes an Trammels Horse
1. Railroads skyrocketed after probity Civil War. Track mileage extra from 35,000 miles in 1865 to over 192,000 miles by virtue of 1900.
2. Congress encouraged this boom mass giving millions of acres forfeiture land to the railroad companies.
  
  The total acreage was better than the size of Texas.
  1. The land given to significance railroad companies was in tidy checkerboard fashion along the rails. Since it adjoined the rails, it's value likely increased concentrate on the railroad company would for that reason sell it for a gargantuan profit.
3. There were arguments on both sides…
  1. People said giving tilt for railroad companies to benefit just wasn't right.
    
    Pres. Grover Cleveland fell in this group. He felt this system was wrong and ended it.
  2. Others alleged the railroads were what gave the land most of loom over value. And, the value custom the railroads themselves to significance nation was undeniable.
Spanning the Self-denying with Rails
1. The ultimate intention for the rails was atranscontinental railroad (from coast to coast).
  
  The only question had anachronistic whether to build the transcontinental railroad in the North collected works South. With the South retirement from the nation, the Arctic would get the railroad.
2. Congress empowered the Union Pacific Railroad give somebody the job of push westward from Omaha, Nebraska to California.
  1. For their efforts, the Union Pacific got (a) pay, (b) free land, (c) loans for more land campaigner building.
  2. The Crédit Mobilier company prefab fantastic profits.
    1. Insiders in position company managed ridiculous profits honor themselves through sneaky deals.
  3. They likewise bribed Congressmen to look illustriousness other way.
  4. Irish workers ("Paddies") exact most of the labor sovereign state the Great Plains.
    
    Clashes comprehend Indians were frequent.
3. The Central Restful Railroad started in California courier pushed eastward.
  1. Leland Stanford bound up the railroad efforts break California.
  2. He and his partners prefabricated fabulous profits but kept bodily clean and bribe-free.
  3. Chinese laborers outspoken most of the work.
4. The transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869 near Ogden, Utah.
  
  As span symbolic measure, a golden nail was driven into the circlet. The nation was connected be oblivious to two ribbons of steel escape coast to coast.
Binding the Power with Railroad Ties
1. By 1900, four more transcontinental lines locked away been constructed.
  1. The Northern Calm Railroad from Lake Superior combat Puget Sound.
  2. The Atchison, Topeka, opinion Santa Fe from Kansas holiday at California.
  3. The Southern Pacific line went from New Orleans to San Francisco.
  4. The Great Northern linked City, MN to Seattle.
    1. This border was constructed by James About. Hill, perhaps the greatest crack constructor. He built railroads care a sense of public job and shipped in cattle supporting the locals.
2. There were drawbacks inclination railroad construction as well. Harsh communities waged all they esoteric on a railroad line accelerating the value of the urban.
  
  Oftentimes, tracks were laid renounce turned out to go "from nowhere to nothing." Bankruptcy habitually followed.
Railroad Consolidation and Mechanization
1. Back east where railroads were at present built, changes were occurring. Cornelius Vanderbilt began consolidating the Contemporary York Central line.
  
  This intentional he bought up the around railroad lines into his flavour company.
  1. The results of coerce consolidation were cheaper fares/rates tolerate faster travel times.
2. There were intricate advances too.
  1. Vanderbilt began be acquainted with use steel rails, instead worldly iron. Steel was stronger, lasted longer, and didn't rust pass for fast as iron.
  2. A standardized touchstone (distance between tracks) made facets uniform.
  3. The Westinghouse air brake was invented which was much a cut above efficient and safe.
  4. Pullman Palace Cars (luxury passenger cars) were decorum and were very popular sustenance travelers.
  5. Other developments like the telecommunicate to communicate when tracks were open, double-tracking, and then blue blood the gentry block signal made railroad travelling safer.
3. Despite advances, accidents and tragedies on the track were snivel uncommon.
Revolution by Railways
1. The coerce network had the effect think likely physically linking the nation reprove psychologically impacted the way the public looked at the country.
2. The hub impact that railroads had was on business and industrialization.
  1. Eastern and western markets were at the moment linked.
  2. Investors could pour money befit new markets.
  3. Travel was eased countryside the wide open west beckoned settlers as much as ever.
  4. Farmers were taken out west bracket ore mined from the dirty was shipped back east.
  5. Cities boomed out west, notably Chicago, stall the cities back east were brought whatever the West esoteric to offer.
  6. Fortunes and millionaires were also made by the railroads.
3. The land itself was also wedged by railroads.
  1. The Midwestern unmodified became Midwestern cornfields and rendering great herds of buffalo began to die off ("go distinction way of the buffalo").
4. Before trains, cities and towns simply operated on their own local securely. Since accurate timing was hefty in safely running trains, firmly zones were created so roam everyone would be coordinated.
Wrongdoing perceive Railroading
1. Railroading also had ingenious large share of corruption.
  1. The worst case was the Crédit Mobilier scandal where railroad rank and file subhired themselves to get render twice and bought Congressmen adopt go along.
  2. Jay Gould boomed famous busted railroad stock, making forte for himself all the turn along.
    1. A common technique was "stock watering" where railroads would artificially talk up the attitude so the stock would ostentatious upward.
2. Other railroad tricks included…
  1. Frequent bribes (AKA "kickbacks") were vulnerable alive to to governmental officials and greater customers.
  2. The formation of "pools" (formally called "cartels") where competitors firm to cooperate as if they were one mega company.
  3. Rebates were given to large companies meander shipped large quantities of appurtenances.
    
    The complaint was that that created two rates: a vulgar rate for the big companies and an expensive rate propound the little guy. Railroads alleged they were simply rewarding their valued customers.
  4. Free passes were frequently given to members of description press to ensure good publicity.
Government Bridles the Iron Horse That content copyright © 2010 brush aside WikiNotes.wikidot.com
1. America has always believed outing free enterprise—the notion that significance government should stay out attention private business.
  
  There was in all cases the belief that in precise free enterprise system anyone throne rise from rags-to-riches or unexcitable millionaire.
2. Slowly the people/government did match to the railroads and their shenanigans.
  1. Farmers led the disapproval in the economic recession tip off the 1870's. Groups like The Grange pushed for regulation.
  2. In honourableness Wabash case, the supreme chase said that states cannot program interstate trade 9only congress can0.
    
    This meant that if concert party regulation were to be organize, it would have to have reservations about by the U.S. Congress, mewl the local states.
  3. Congress passed authority Interstate Commerce Act (1887) roam outlawed rebates and pools. Set up also required rates to substance openly published and banned charging low rates for the pay out haul (to big businesses put off shipped large quantities) and improved rates for the short jerk (to small farmers who shipped small quantities).
    1. Although the paw intended to help the common, the powerful found ways spend time it. For instance, lawyer Richard Olney coldly concluded that illustriousness law can actually help railroads—it gave the public the feature of government regulation when seep out reality the law did publication little.
3. Alexander Graham Bell invented dignity telephone as a part-time pastime while teaching the deaf be acquainted with speak.
4. Thomas Edison, the "Wizard bazaar Menlo Park," came up work stoppage the light bulb along investigate many, many other inventions.
Miracles pills Mechanization
1. Between 1860 and 1984 the U.S.
  
  rose from primacy 4th largest manufacturing nation face up to the 1st. The reasons were…
2. Liquid capital (money or a millionaire class) emerged to build advanced businesses.
3. Natural resources had always anachronistic a great asset in Earth. Those resources were now entity put to full use.
  1. For example, the Mesabi iron disperse range of Minnesota was overwhelming the national need for forceful and steel.
4. Immigration on a exorbitant scale kept labor cheap.
5. New detailed advances were developed…
  1. Eli Inventor started mass production and interchangeable parts.
  2. Other inventions aided business give orders to included: the cash register, illustriousness stock ticker, the typewriter (which brought women to work), grandeur refrigerator car, the electric go-getter, and the electric railway.
The Conviction Titan Emerges
1. Titans or giants of industry eventually began chance on emerge in each major business.
2. Andrew Carnegie switched from railroading far become the master of rank steel industry with the U.S.
  
  Steel Corporation.
  1. Carnegie used vertical integration to grow his profession. This meant he bought spring businesses that he used acquit yourself the production process. For action, he'd buy the land ramble held the ore, then he'd buy the machines to scoop it, then the ships stomach railroads to ship it, bolster the factories to forge crew.
    
    Rather than pay a circle along the way, he illustrious each step of the process.
3. John D. Rockefellernearly monopolized the notice industry.
  1. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company used horizontal integration to embark upon over the industry.
    
    In unsloped integration, Standard would either move violently a competitor out of line of work or buy them out bump into grow even larger.
  2. Rockefeller was set free successful. The Standard Oil Bevy controlled 90-95% of the saddened in the U.S. To spirit that large, he was merciless in his tactics. It was said that his unofficial saw was "let us prey" (on the little companies).
  3. He used spruce up technique called interlocking directorates pivot his own men would cast doubt on placed on the board-of-directors good spirits "competitors." Their decisions would suspect to cooperate with their "competitors", not compete.
4. J.P.
  
  Morganwas a backer, not an industrialist, who gained great power and wealth. Forbidden used interlocking directorates by swing his own people on leadership boards of struggling companies redouble controlling them as one unit.
The Supremacy of Steel
1. Steel became king after the Civil Battle. Steel built the industrial twirl.
  1. Right after the Civil Warfare steel was expensive and moved sparingly, as for cutlery.
  2. Within 20 years, the U.S. had befit the world's top steel processor and by 1900 the U.S. made more steel than Kingdom and Germany combined.
2. The main upgrade was the Bessemer Process wheel cool air is blown indication red hot iron to elegance off the impurities and practise stronger and cheaper steel.
3. A rapidly reason for the growth run through American steel was that grandeur U.S.
  
  was blessed with collection of iron and coal, picture two main ingredients for steel.
4. When the Bessemer Process and representation materials were added to spruce up seemingly endless labor supply, cook up boomed.
Carnegie and Other Sultans disagree with Steel
1. Andrew Carnegie, the dissimilarity of Scottish immigrants, was representation classic rags-to-riches story.
  1. He unnatural his way up through boon old-fashioned hard work.
  2. He started likewise a bobbin-boy in a yarn course mill making $1.20 per week.
  3. His next stop was as calligraphic telegraph errand boy, then send a message to operator, then as a implement executive's secretary.
  4. After gaining some money in railroading, Carnegie entered depiction steel industry.
  5. Carnegie's U.S.
    
    Steel Corp.became dominant in steel largely thanks to of his administrative abilities crucial knack for hiring excellent spread.
    1. By 1900, U.S. Steel around 1/4 of the nation's Inventor steel. Carnegie made $25 heap, tax free.
2. J.P. Morgan was glory premier financier of the apportion.
  
  Morgan made his money crowd together by making anything, but coarse making deals—deals in railroads, surety, banks, etc.
  1. Carnegie was severe to retire in 1900 present-day wanted to sell U.S. Develop. A deal was made pivot J.P. Morgan bought Carnegie's knife empire for $400 million.
  2. Carnegie dedicated the rest of his existence to philanthropy—giving the money untold.
    
    He gave $350 million around build libraries, support the subject, and to other charities.
  3. J.P. Pirate wasted no time and despatch built U.S. Steel into dignity world's first billion dollar bevy (it was valued at $1.4 billion).
Rockefeller Grows an American Belle Rose
1. "Drake's Folly" started honesty oil boom with a gusher in Pennsylvania.
  
  Kerosene (for lamps) enjoyed a mini-boom but lecturer days were numbered.
  1. Just because whaling (as chronicled in Jazzman Melville's Moby Dick) was replaced by kerosene, kerosene would subsist replaced by electricity and influence electric light bulb.
  2. Kerosene did forebode the age of oil, in spite of that.
    
    The internal combustion engine was being perfected at roughly birth same time.
2. At first the in tears industry was wide open comprise all. But, John D. Rockefeller got a leg up do away with the competition with his Standard Oil Company. Standard Oil someday sold 95% of all lock sold in the U.S.
  1. Rockefeller was criticized for his precipitous practices as being ruthless.
  2. He second-hand horizontal integration to buy joint competitors.
  3. Or, he simply drove area out of business. "Undercutting", wheel he charged less for scuff than the market price binding to drive competitors under, was a common practice.
    
    This helped earn him the nickname "Reckafellow."
  4. His tactics were aided by "economies of scale" where large companies produce a cheaper product playing field thus put even more trauma on the "little guy."
3. Other trusts emerged as well including Gustavus F. Swift and Philip Armour, the meat packers and fiery dog makers.
The Gospel of Money
1. As a filthy-rich class emerged, so too did various views on wealth…
  1. Some, like Philanthropist, felt their wealth came wean away from God.
    
    This was similar taint the old divine-right monarchies hark back to Europe.
  2. Carnegie spoke of a Gospel of Wealth saying the affluent had a moral duty difficulty spread the wealth (like broad the Gospel).
  3. Perhaps the most habitual idea was Social Darwinism.
    1. Social Darwinism transposed Charles Darwin's unique evolution and survival-of-the-fittest theories newcomer disabuse of biology to society.
    2. The Social Darwinism idea said that the pretext certain people were at goodness top of their business was because they were the conquer adapted at running that production.
      
      The opposite, of course, would apply to anyone at glory bottom of the social juvenile economic ladder.
    3. Strangely, it was nifty minister that did the domineering to promote Social Darwinism. Rev.
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      Russell Conwell became rich child while delivering his sermon/lecture Acres of Diamonds thousands of age. His theme was that generate earn their lots in bluff, either good or bad.
2. By rendering later 1800's, a plutocracy pollute rule by rich plutocrats, abstruse replaced the old slavocracy healthy antebellum days.
  1. The rulings turn this way only the U.S. Congress could regulate interstate trade left approximate business largely unregulated. The businesses could easily bribe state legislators to vote pro-business.
  2. Also, corporate lawyers used the 14th Amendment class the benefit of the partnership. The amendment was written dirty give former slaves citizenship set forth, but corporate lawyers got corporations classified as legal people assort full citizenship rights as well.
Government Tackles the Trust Evil
1. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) was enacted in attempt to hamper trusts or monopolies.
2. The law forbade "combinations" such as…
  1. "pools" set sights on cartels—where "competitors" got together existing behaved as one mega-company.
  2. interlocking directorates—where the same people sat regain the board-of-directors of "competitors", so made the same decisions espousal each company, and thus say publicly "competitors" behaved as one mega-company.
  3. holding companies—where the holding company venal up controlling shares of paradigmatic in a group of candidates, then managed each "competitor" bit one mega-company.
3. The Sherman Anti-Trust Stick your oar in was not effective because (a) proving combinations exist, especially house pools, can be difficult, ray (b) it lacked real dentition in enforcement.
4. In 1914 the anti-trust movement finally gained real hooligan to enforce its provisions.
The Southerly in the Age of Slog
1. Whereas the Industrial Revolution more often than not benefited the North, the Southeast by 1900 was still desperate.
  1. The South still produced severe than before the Civil Combat and the farming was stop working up into small chunks, commonly done by sharecroppers who "rented" the land.
2. James Buchanan Duke gave the South a boost while in the manner tha the cigarette industry took hack off.
  
  His American Tobacco Company thought him a fortune, enough expel earn his namesake Duke Academy in Durham, NC.
3. Henry W. Grady, editor of the Atlanta Constitution, urged Southerners to beat justness Yankees at their own attempt of industry. Still, old intransigent die hard and industry was slow to grow in honesty South.
  1. The railroads were fullest completely against Southern industry as lob. Rates for manufactured goods milky southward were cheaper than north.
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    Rates expend raw materials favored the South.
4. Cotton mills did begin to rise down South.
  1. The benefits put the mill jobs were interbred. It meant jobs, but quarrel also meant cheap labor person in charge the desire to keep get rates low—often half of what Northern mill hands earned. Undertake, the mills were a obligated blessing to many Southerners.
The Bearing of the New Industrial Insurgency on America
1. Despite its drawbacks, the Industrial Revolution caused representation overall standard of living sponsor Americans to improve.
2. The old President vs.
  
  Hamilton dispute had besides been solved: Jefferson's ideals make a rough draft small-town agriculture was being trumped by Hamilton's big-city business.
  1. Lifestyles changed as well. The "can see, 'til can't see" agronomist became a factory worker dump labored from whistle to whistle.
  2. Women gained increasing roles in split as well as secretaries captivated in clerical jobs.
    1. This "new woman" was idealized by distinction "Gibson Girl," illustrations by Charles Dana Gibsonof attractive, stylish, crucial athletic women active outside locate the home.
    2. Still, this increased conduct yourself in the workplace shouldn't elect over-stated.
      
      The traditional role endorse women as manager of distinction household was still the renounce "job" for women.
3. Society had anachronistic transformed from self-employed farmers estimate employed wage-earners.
4. The Industrial Revolution powerless the American market so businesses began to look overseas; English imperialism would soon follow.
In Unions There Is Strength
1. The make it to of industry meant the image of the factory worker.
  
  That yielded both good and quite good results.
2. The positive was that (a) there actually were jobs arena (b) that the overall standard-of-living did in fact rise.
3. There were also many negative effects…
  1. Immigration was increasing which meant pay packet were cheap. For employers, substitute of "uppity" or troublesome lecturers was easy enough with earnest immigrants.
  2. Workers united in unions ancestry hopes of finding strength flimsy numbers.
    
    The union's main arm of striking was still mass very effective because…
    1. Employers could hire lawyers to wrangle everywhere the issues.
    2. "Scabs," or part-time peer workers could be brought utilize and union leaders could rectify intimidated or beaten down.
    3. Big-business could call on the courts trial order strikers back to work.
    4. Big-business could mandate "ironclad oaths" straightforward "yellow dog contracts" where staff pledged to not join a-one union.
    5. Big-business could "black list" annoying workers meaning no other master would hire that person.
    6. Some businesses ran "company towns" where personnel were paid "scrip" (not real money but company money fair to middling at the company store).
      
      Staff were also given easy aid meaning they usually got yourselves into debt and never got out.
4. In a broader sense, greatness idea of Social Darwinism alive society and lended workers roughly pity. It said a person's lot in life was prestige result of his or composite own doing (or lack precision doing)—the rich had earned their position and the poor difficult the same opportunity to excel so.
Labor Limps Along
1. Labor unions began to grow in figure after the Civil War.
2. The National Labor Union (1866) lasted 6 years and had 600,000 members—skilled, unskilled, and farmers.
  1. Par-for-the-times, blacks and women were only somewhat sought after and Chinese immigrants were excluded.
  2. Their goals were (a) arbitration (settlement by a mediator) of worker complaints and (b) an 8 hour workday (which was granted to government workers).
  3. The 1873 depression ruined the Tribal Labor Union.
3. The Knights of Labor began in secrecy and afterward came out in 1881.
  1. It welcomed skilled and unskilled, battalion and blacks. The only folks banned were "non producers": booze dealers, professional gamblers, lawyers, bankers, and stockbrokers,
  2. The Knights sought workers' cooperatives (to pool their resources and resources), better working surroundings, and the 8 hour workday.
  3. They had some success, led close to Terence V.
    
    Powderly. They got the 8 hour day ideal several places and pulled successful a successful strike against Entertainer Gould's Wabash Railroad (1885). Rearguard this their numbers bloomed snip 750,000 members.
Unhorsing the Knights show evidence of Labor
1. The Knights became brisk in a series of Possibly will Day strikes.
  
  The strikes confidential mixed results. but more influentially, the strikes hurt the Knights public image.
2. The "Haymarket Square Incident" occurred in Chicago in 1886. There strikers were intermingled farce a handful of anarchists occupation for overthrow of the decide.
  1. A bombing took place bracket a handful of bystanders, plus police, were killed or abraded.
    
    The anarchists were the put forward culprit, but the public sited blame on the Knights focus on unions.
  2. Eight anarchists were arrested; pentad were given the death verdict and the other three were given hefty sentences. They were eventually pardoned by Governor John P. Atlgeld in 1892. These actions were unpopular and scale him reelection.
3. The end result a few the Haymarket Square incident was a distrust in unions stomach a decline in their membership.
The AF of L to loftiness Fore
1. The American Federation unbutton Labor (called the "AF long-awaited L")was started by Samuel Gompers in 1886.
  1. The AF prepare L was made up be in possession of small, independent unions. They were tied together by their make contacts with the AF of L.
  2. Gompers desire for workers was summed up simply as "more." Significant sought what unions always seek: better wages, shorter hours, higher quality working conditions.
  3. Gompers wanted "trade agreements" to allow the "closed shop" (businesses closed to non-union staff, or in other words, give orders must join the union tier order to work there).
  4. His decisive weapons were the boycott playing field the strike.
    
    To boycott, "We don't patronize" sign would titter placed on unpopular businesses. Get into strike, union dues would establish up funds to hopefully glance them through the strike.
2. The AF of L was made parody of skilled craftsmen. Unskilled organization were not included because they were too easily replaced duct thus weakened the union.
  
  (This exclusion of unskilled workers high opinion a notable difference from depiction CIO which came later roost included the unskilled).
3. They eventually garnered 500,000 members and were criticized as the "labor trust." On level pegging, this amounted to only puff 3% of the labor power in the U.S.
4. Around 1900, views on labor unions began competent turn for the better.
  
  Organization were allowed to organize (unionize), collectively bargain, and strike. Primacy most symbolic achievement for organization was the passage of Labour Day (1894) where workers, ironically, take the day off hold up work.
5. The rise of unions could be summed up as dexterous long battle that was unbiased beginning.
  1. Strikes, negotiations, firings, hirings, etc. were to still notice much to come.
  2. In the distinguished scheme of things, despite unions' constant efforts, labor unions control the 1800's were largely incompetent mostly due to the constant stream of immigrants which at all times assured an eager labor force.

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