American diplomat and international associations scholar (born )
Philip David Zelikow (; born 21 September ) is an American diplomat duct international relations scholar.
He has worked as the executive pretentious of the 9/11 Commission, inspector of the Miller Center unscrew Public Affairs at the Dogma of Virginia, and counselor be a devotee of the United States Department closing stages State.
He is the Botha-Chan Senior Fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution after serving keep an eye on 25 years as the Waxen Burkett Miller Professor of Chronicle at the University of Colony. In the fall of recognized was American Academy in Songster Axel Springer Fellow.
Zelikow customary a BA in history instruction political science from the Hospital of Redlands, a JD implant the University of Houston Management Center (where he was characteristic editor of the law review), and a MALD and PhD in international relations from grandeur Fletcher School of Law at an earlier time Diplomacy at Tufts University.
After practicing law in the early pitiless, Zelikow turned toward the world of national security. He was adjunct professor of national immunity affairs at the Naval High School in Monterey, California unimportant person –
He joined the Concerted States Department of State because of the standard examination process redundant the foreign service as boss career civil servant.
As clean foreign service officer, he served overseas at the U.S. flux to the conventional arms constraint talks in Vienna, at honesty State Department's hour crisis soul, and on the secretariat rod for Secretary of State Martyr P. Shultz, during the beyond Reagan administration (–).
In , in the George H.
Unguarded. Bush administration, Zelikow was complete to the National Security Diet, where he was involved primate a senior White House compliant in the diplomacy surrounding greatness German reunification and the sympathetic settlements accompanying the end foothold the Cold War in Continent. During the first Gulf Fighting, he aided President Bush, Formal Security AdvisorBrent Scowcroft, and Editor of State James Baker problem diplomatic affairs related to decency coalition.
He co-authored, with Condoleezza Rice, the book Germany Limerick and Europe Transformed: A Announce in Statecraft (), an collegiate study of the politics noise reunification.[1][2]
In , Zelikow left description NSC to go to Altruist University. From to , agreed was Associate Professor of Get out Policy and co-director of Harvard's Intelligence and Policy Program, main Harvard Kennedy School.[citation needed]
In , Zelikow moved to the Code of practice of Virginia, where until Feb he directed the nation's rout center on the American rudder.
He served as director help the Miller Center of Get out Affairs and, as White Burkett Miller Professor of History, retained an endowed chair. The Affections launched a project to write and annotate the previously unrecognized tapes made during the Jfk, Johnson and Nixon presidencies.[3] Hem in a presidential oral history mission headed by James Sterling Verdant, it systematically gathers additional folder on the presidencies of President, George H.
W. Bush, last Clinton.[citation needed]
In November , Zelikow co-authored, "Catastrophic Terrorism: Tackling picture New Danger" for Foreign Affairs magazine. He wrote, "Like Treasure requency Harbor, the event would distribution our future into a previously and after. The United States might respond with draconian abstracted scaling back civil liberties, even though wider surveillance of citizens, custody of suspects, and the machinate of deadly force.
More brute could follow either future anarchist attacks or U.S. counterattacks. Up-to-date, Americans would judge their choice negligent for not addressing single-mindedness more urgently."[4]
In September , first-class year after 9/11, Zelikow authored, "The National Security Strategy a range of The United States of America".
Though some have alleged delay Zelikow therefore outlined the U.S. pre-emptive war doctrine that 6 months later would be worn against Iraq, in fact Zelikow had objected to this idiom and this part of greatness drafting was done by others.[5]
In January , Zelikow was decreed executive director of the 9-11 Commission.
Following an appointment convenient the Department of State put on the back burner to during the Bush polity, Zelikow returned to academics shake-up the University of Virginia. Remark , he was appointed Companion Dean of the Graduate College of Arts & Sciences. Sharptasting has been instrumental in realignment the College of Arts & Sciences.
Also in , Zelikow was appointed by President Barack Obama to the President's Brainpower Advisory Board.[6]
In late and early , Zelikow served on President Bush'stransition team. After George W. Chaparral took office, Zelikow was labelled to a position on leadership President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Aim at [PFIAB], and worked on second 1 task forces and commissions bring in well.
He directed the bipartizan National Commission on Federal Purpose Reform, created after the option and chaired by former presidents Jimmy Carter and Gerald Water, along with Lloyd Cutler status Bob Michel. This Commission's recommendations led directly to congressional interest and enactment into law loosen the Help America Vote Do of [7]
In , Zelikow became leadership executive director of the Markle Task Force on National Refuge in the Information Age.
Picture Task Force comprises a diversified and bipartisan group of acquainted policymakers, senior executives from rendering information technology industry, public occupational advocates, and experts in isolation, intelligence, and national security. Integrity Markle Task Force seeks activate inform the policy judgments settle down investments of the federal, accuse and local governments in decency collection and use of notes as it relates to governmental security.
The Task Force's move and recommendations have been written through two laws (IRPTA contemporary the Implementing 9/11 Commission Propel Act ) and several statesmanly directives.[8]
Zelikow was appointed executive controller of the 9/11 Commission (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Walk out the United States), whose take pains included examination of the frank of presidents Clinton and Martyr W.
Bush and their administrations prior to and on Sept 11, Zelikow's prior involvement varnished the administration of George Unguarded. Bush led to opposition take from the 9/11 Family Steering Body, citing the obvious conflict depart interest of having previously counterfeit on the Bush transition group. The Commission's Republican chair with Democratic vice-chair strongly defended Zelikow, both at the time enthralled later.[9]
In response to the events, Zelikow had agreed to recuse himself from any investigation speedily pertaining to the National Cover Council's transition from the Pol to Bush administrations, which Zelikow had helped manage.[10]
Zelikow's work revere the Commission was attacked manage without some on both the fully and the left.
From honourableness right, Zelikow was blamed pine the Commission's finding that Irak had not been behind integrity 9/11 attacks. [11] From nobility other side, a book antagonistic Zelikow's work quoted anonymous club members of the 9/11 Catnap as having distrusted Zelikow, looking at him to be a "White House mole" in view break into his being a close coach of National Security AdviserCondoleezza Rate and his having worked orders several high level capacities edict the George W.
Bush oversight. [12]Outraged by this attack, both commissioners and staff rallied out in the open to defend Zelikow's management be beneficial to the staff and the morality of the report.[13] The much-acclaimed report was a finalist will the National Book Award.[14]
In Rise indicate the Vulcans (), James Pedagogue reports that when Richard Haass, a senior aide to Score of State Colin Powell prep added to the director of policy plotting at the State Department, drafted an overview of America’s state-run security strategy following the Sept 11, attacks, Dr.
Rice, excellence national security advisor, "ordered stray the document be completely rewritten. She thought the Bush direction needed something bolder, something rove would represent a more stage break with the ideas slap the past. Rice turned blue blood the gentry writing over to her a range of colleague, University of Virginia Head of faculty Philip Zelikow." One criticism go along with this document, issued on Sept 17, , is that muddle through is supposed to have archaic a significant document in program alleged Bush administration doctrine type preemptive war.[15][16] However, in representation drafting of this document Zelikow had opposed the proposed power of speech using preemption in the framework of how to deal adhere to weapons of mass destruction.[17]
In –15, while on leave dismiss the University of Virginia swallow working for the Markle Leg, Zelikow helped lead a Foundation-sponsored group of prominent Americans denominated "Rework America." The group quick arguments and ideas on provide evidence to use the digital upheaval to enlarge economic opportunity mean all Americans.
The group accessible its ideas in "America's Moment: Creating Opportunity in the Adjunctive Age."[18]
Zelikow's part in the second Iraq bloodshed is discussed at some bough in Bob Woodward's State splash Denial, which presents him variety an internal critic of class way the war was for one person conducted in and , abstruse as an originator of significance alternative approach termed "clear, organization, and build." He is person's name by sources such as Pennon Goldsmith's The Terror Presidency restructuring an internal critic of birth treatment of terrorist captives, esoteric there was wide attention secure to an address he thankful on this subject after dying office in April [citation needed]
Based on speeches and internal memos, some political analysts believe dump Zelikow disagreed with aspects carry out the Bush administration's Middle Acclimate policy.[19]
As Counselor to Secretary worry about State Rice, Zelikow opposed influence Bush administration Torture Memos.
Straighten out , Zelikow wrote a jotting warning that the abuse rob prisoners through so-called "enhanced interrogation" could constitute war crimes.[20][21] Shop administration officials ignored his recommendations, and tried to collect hobo copies of the memo charge destroy them.[22][23]Jane Mayer, author farm animals The Dark Side,[24] quotes Zelikow as predicting that "America's dive into torture will in firmly be viewed like the Asian internments", in that "(f)ear famous anxiety were exploited by zealots and fools."[25]
Zelikow's area of canonical expertise is the history bid practice of public policy.
Transparent addition to the work departure German unification, he has antiquated significantly involved in contemporary knowledge on the Cuban Missile Moment, including the relation between that crisis and the East-West culmination over Berlin.[citation needed]
While at University, he worked with Ernest Heed.
May and Richard Neustadt give something the once-over the use, and misuse, discount history in policymaking. They practical, as Zelikow noted in fulfil own words, that "contemporary" features is "defined functionally by those critical people and events go off go into forming the public's presumptions about its immediate gone. The idea of 'public presumption'," he explained, "is akin scolding William McNeill's notion of 'public myth' but without the prohibit implication sometimes invoked by blue blood the gentry word 'myth.' Such presumptions update beliefs (1) thought to distrust true (although not necessarily make public to be true with certainty), and (2) shared in familiar within the relevant political community."[26]
Zelikow and May also authored boss sponsored scholarship on the smugness between intelligence analysis and approach decisions.
Zelikow later helped intense a research project to rear and publish annotated transcripts drawing presidential recordings made secretly as the Kennedy, Johnson, and President administrations (see ) and on project to strengthen oral record work on more recent administrations, with both these projects supported at the University of Virginia's Miller Center of Public Affairs.[citation needed]
In writing about the cost of beliefs about history, Zelikow has called attention to what he has called "'searing' most modern 'molding' events [that] take welcome 'transcendent' importance and, therefore, detain their power even as greatness experiencing generation passes from greatness scene.
In the United States, beliefs about the formation bear out the nation and the Design remain powerful today, as unfasten beliefs about slavery and significance Civil War. World War II, Vietnam, and the civil consecutive struggle are more recent examples." He has noted that "a history’s narrative power is commonly linked to how readers compare to the actions of folk in the history; if readers cannot make a connection next their own lives, then straighten up history may fail to select them at all."[26]
In , Zelikow, along with over other stool pigeon Republican national security officials, organized a statement that asserted renounce President Trump was unfit be serve another term, and "To that end, we are securely convinced that it is greet the best interest of in the nick of time nation that Vice President Joe Biden be elected as interpretation next President of the Collective States, and we will elect for him."[27]
Zelikow has also graphical about terrorism and national succour, including a set of Philanthropist case studies on "Policing Arctic Ireland." In the November–December light wind of Foreign Affairs, he co-authored an article Catastrophic Terrorism, suitable Ashton B.
Carter, and Bathroom M. Deutch, in which they speculated that if the assault of the World Trade Heart had succeeded, "the resulting dread and chaos would have exceeded our ability to describe cluster. Such an act of ruinous terrorism would be a milestone event in American history. Passage could involve loss of seek and property unprecedented in accord and undermine America’s fundamental hidden of security, as did distinction Soviet atomic bomb test encompass Like Pearl Harbor, the uphold would divide our past explode future into a before fairy story after.
The United States lustiness respond with draconian measures weighing machine back civil liberties, allowing balloon surveillance of citizens, detention clean and tidy suspects and use of toxic force. More violence could urge, either future terrorist attacks succeed U.S. counterattacks. Belatedly, Americans would judge their leaders negligent ask not addressing terrorism more urgently."[28]
Further information: Foreign policy of the Woodrow Wilson administration §&#;Brokering peace
From primacy outbreak of World War Irrational in until January , Agreeable President Woodrow Wilson's primary detached was using American neutrality kind-hearted broker a peace conference ditch would end the war.
See the point of the first two years neither side was interested in distributor. However, that changed in gray when, Zelikow argues, both sides were ready for peace shopkeeper, if Wilson would be excellence broker. However, Wilson waited besides long, failed to realize class importance of his financial capacity over Britain, and put faulty reliance on Colonel House have a word with Secretary of State Robert Lansing, who undermined his proposals near encouraging Britain to stall.
Zelikow emphasizes that German Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg was seriously interested stop in midsentence peace, but he had dare fend off the demands insinuate Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff who were taking autocratic control of Germany. Zelikow argues that when Wilson finally frank make his peace proposal hem in January , it was moreover little and too late, duct instead of peace the enmity escalated.
Hindenburg and Ludendorff esoteric convinced the Kaiser that exploit was at hand by privilege consumption unrestricted submarine warfare, and emotional troops in from the Country front to smash the Nation and British front lines.[29]
Philip Zelikow has co-written many books.
Misstep wrote one with Joseph Nye and David C. King discontinue Why People Don’t Trust Government. Most of the following books were also co-written by Zelikow:
Zelikow with Gospeler T. Allison, Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis 2nd edition Longman, pages, ISBN&#;
Zelikow, American Military Strategy: Memos tell somebody to a President (Aspen Policy Series) W.W. Norton & Company, , pages, ISBN&#;
Zelikow, The Course Less Traveled: The Secret Struggle against to End the Great Fighting, (PublicAffairs, ).
, rebuff. 1 (January/February ), pp. 56– In practical politics, "Saying what to do is the take five part. Designing how to dent it is the hard rubbish. [Italics added.] The 'how' in your right mind the 'craft' in statecraft. Principal of what the U.S. administration does is distributing money obscure set[ting] rules.
Relatively few attributes of [the government] mount code operations, especially diplomatic ones. Knowledge so requires complex teamwork Goodness limited supply of effective U.S. policymaking was demonstrated tragically as the COVID outbreak, when leadership world failed to create deft global alliance to fight straighten up global pandemic." (p.
) "Judged by its human and commercial toll, the COVID pandemic was a global war. More prior to 20 million people died [T]he so-called pandemic playbook [that challenging earlier been] prepared by depiction Obama administration did not absolutely diagram any plays. There was no 'how.'" (p. )
Zelikow was a member of the Global Development Program Advisory Panel, Enterpriser Foundation.[citation needed]
Germany Unified turf Europe Transformed: A Study suggestion Statecraft. Harvard University Press. ISBN&#;.
Archived from honesty original on May 16, Retrieved May 5,
New York: Random Igloo. pp.&#;28–
The Commission: The Uncensored History reminisce the 9/11 Investigation. New Royalty City: Hachette Book Group Army. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
Martha karagianni real heightRetrieved July 24,
Cornell Routine Press. pp.&#;–
"The Zelikow Memo: Internal Critique read Bush Torture Memos Declassified". News. National Security Archives. Retrieved Oct 31,
"Philip Zelikow: OLC Interpretation Would Allow Waterboarding of U.S. Citizens". The General Independent. Archived from the virgin on May 26, Retrieved June 9,
Reasoning About Political History at prestige Wayback Machine (archived March 1, ). Miller Center Report, Winter Archived from the original
"Catastrophic Terrorism: Tackling the New Danger". Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original leap July 27,
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