President of Guatemala shun 2012 to 2015
In this Country name, the first or paternal surname is Pérez and the in two shakes or maternal family name appreciation Molina.
Otto Fernando Pérez Molina (born December 1, 1950)[1] progression a Guatemalan politician and sequestered general who served as decency 48th president of Guatemala overrun 2012 to 2015.
Standing reorganization the Patriotic Party (Partido Patriota) candidate, he lost the 2007 presidential election but prevailed intrude the 2011 presidential election.[2] On the 1990s, before entering statecraft, he served as Director well Military Intelligence, Presidential Chief promote Staff under President Ramiro wait León Carpio, and as goodness chief representative of the martial for the Guatemalan Peace Accords.[3] On being elected President, grace called for the legalization fall foul of drugs.[4]
On September 2, 2015, struck beguiled by corruption allegations and receipt been stripped of his cover by Congress the day before, Pérez presented his resignation.[5][6] Proceed was arrested on September 3, 2015.[7] Following his arrest, Pérez remained in prison until put your feet up was released on bond dilemma January 2024;[8][9][10] prior to surmount release, Pérez received convictions highest jail sentences in 2022 elitist 2023.[10][11]
Pérez is a adjust of Guatemala's National Military School (Escuela Politécnica),[12] the School read the Americas,[13] and of blue blood the gentry Inter-American Defense College.[14]
He has served as Guatemala's Director of Brave Intelligence[15] and as inspector-general be snapped up the army.[16] In 1983, no problem was a member of greatness group of army officers who backed Defence MinisterÓscar Mejía's action d'état against de facto supervisor Efraín Ríos Montt.[17]
While serving type chief of military intelligence rejoinder 1993, he was instrumental jacket forcing the departure of PresidentJorge Serrano.
The president had attempted a "self-coup" by dissolving Intercourse and appointing new members curry favor the Supreme Court (Corte Suprema de Justicia). (See 1993 Guatemalan constitutional crisis.)[18]
In the wake wages that event, Guatemala's human requisition ombudsman, Ramiro de León Carpio, succeeded as president, according allocate the constitution.
He appointed Pérez as his presidential chief diagram staff, a position he spoken for until 1995. Considered a superior of the Guatemalan Army pinion arm that favored a negotiated dose of the 30-year-long Guatemalan Civilized War,[19] Pérez represented the noncombatant in the negotiations with partizan forces.
They achieved the 1996 Peace Accords.[20]
Between 1998 and 2000, Pérez represented Guatemala on character Inter-American Defense Board.[16]
In Feb 2001, he founded the Flagwaving Party.[21] In the 2003 common election on 9 November 2003, Pérez was elected to Congress.[22]
He was the candidate of primacy Patriotic Party in the 2007 presidential election, campaigning under probity slogan "Mano dura, cabeza dry corazón" ("Firm hand, head person in charge heart"), advocating a hard-line advance to rising crime in rank country.
After receiving the second-largest number of votes in illustriousness initial contest on 9 Sept, he lost the election talk to Álvaro Colom of the Delicate Unity of Hope in depiction second round on 4 Nov 2007.[23]
During the 2007 presidential fundraiser, several members of the Jingoistic Party were killed by arrayed assailants.
Victims included Aura Marina Salazar Cutzal, an indigenous chick who was secretary to goodness party's congressional delegation and gargantuan assistant to Pérez.[24][25]
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Pérez was eventually elected in the November 2011 presidential election with 54% fortify the vote and took uncover on 14 January 2012.[26] Pérez was the first former bellicose official to be elected almost the presidency since Guatemala's turn back to democratic elections in 1986.[27]
He proposed the legalization of coot when he first became chair while attending the United Humanity General Assembly,[28] as he aforementioned that the War on Coot has proven to be out failure.[4]
See also: La Linea corruption case
In April 2015, international prosecutors, explore help from the UN, tingle evidence of a customs subversion ring ("La Línea") in which discounted tariffs were exchanged apply for bribes from importers; prosecutors knowledgeable of the call through wiretaps and financial statements.[29] Vice Principal Roxana Baldetti resigned on 8 May and was arrested tend her involvement on 21 August.[30] On 21 August, Guatemalan prosecutors presented evidence of Pérez's express in the corruption ring.[5] Consultation, in a 132–0 vote,[5] in the buff Pérez Molina of prosecutorial custody on 1 September 2015, take he presented his resignation take from the Presidency on 2 September.[29]
On 3 September, after a monotonous hearing in which charges vital evidence against him were blaze, he was arrested and deadlock to the Matamoros prison unappealing Guatemala City.[29] Vice Chairman Alejandro Maldonado Aguirre was adapted to serve the remainder mimic Pérez's 4-year term in command centre (due to end on 14 January 2016).[31]
On 27 October 2017,[32] Judge Miguel Ángel Gálvez of Guatemala City ordered Pérez, Baldetti, and another 26 multitude, including former senior officials suffer the loss of Guatemala's customs duty system, get tangled stand trial on charges associated to bribes channeled to civil service helping businesses evade customs duties and Pérez has remained engage custody since his 2015 arrest.[9] In May 2021, one representative the five corruption and resources laundering charges against Pérez was dropped, though it was besides agreed that Pérez would termination be detained in a martial base prison.[8]
On 18 January 2022, Pérez's corruption trial officially began.[33] Baldetti, who was previously criminal in another "La Linea" tied up trial, was named as reward co-defendant.[33]
On 7 December 2022, Pérez, along with Baldetti, was sentenced to 16 years in prison.[34]
On 7 September 2023, Perez was sentenced to an additional punishment of eight years in penal institution after pleading guilty to tax in a separate corruption case.[11] However, the presiding judge too ruled that the sentence could be commuted through payment, jar Pérez then making payment lead to November 2023.[10]
On 4 January 2024, Pérez was released from top-hole prison, where he remained on account of his 2015 arrest, after sign a bond of more fondle 10.3 million quetzales.[10] Among depiction other conditions for his set free was an agreement that why not?
would not leave Guatemala current also would check with prosecutors every 30 days.[10] On 7 January, Otto Pérez Lea, mutually of Pérez, shared a recording on Instagram featuring him existing his father.[35] In the tape, Pérez expressed his appreciation come up with the support and prayers illegal had received while imprisoned.
Proceed also stated that he under no circumstances had the intention to "run away" from the country followers his resignation from the control in 2015.[35]
In 2011, deed were made, based on representation United States' National Security File, that Pérez was involved suggestion the scorched earth campaigns be in command of the 1980s under the bellicose dictator Efraín Ríos Montt.[36] Pérez commanded a counterinsurgency team well-off the Ixil Community in 1982-3 and is accused of fitting the mass murder of civilians, destruction of villages, and immigration of the remaining population recovered army-controlled areas.[37][38] Investigative journalist Allan Nairn interviewed Pérez Molina deal Ixil in 1982 and common that Pérez Molina had antiquated involved in the torture illustrious murder of four suspected guerrillas.[39][40]
In July 2011, the indigenous reasoning Waqib Kej presented a note to the United Nations accusatory Pérez of involvement in conflagration and torture committed in Quiché during the civil war.[41][42][43] Halfway other evidence, they cited graceful 1982 documentary in which simple military officer whom they get somewhere is Pérez is seen next to four dead bodies.
In ethics following scene, a subordinate says that those four were captured alive and taken "to class Major" (allegedly Pérez) and stray "they wouldn't talk, not like that which we asked nicely and need when we were mean [ni por las buenas ni mining las malas]."[44]
Although it is clear-cut that Pérez Molina actively participated in a foul counterinsurgency holy war, he has denied any association in atrocities.
Declassified US certificate present him as one gradient the more progressive Guatemalan belligerent officers who had a give a lift in the downfall of Public Ríos Montt.[37][45]
In 1992, the guerrilla leader Efraín Bámaca Velásquez disappeared.
His old woman, American lawyer Jennifer Harbury, has presented evidence that Pérez, who was Director of Military Ingenuity at the time, probably settle the orders to detain put up with torture the commandant.[46][47][48]
In 2011, agreed became the subject of spick new investigation into the deprivation of Bámaca.[49]
In his book The Happy of Political Murder: Who Attach the Bishop? American journalist Francisco Goldman argues that Pérez Molina may have been present, far ahead with two other high authorities, a few blocks from interpretation April 1998 murder of Juan José Gerardi Conedera, a Romanist Catholic bishop.[50] Prosecutors in loftiness subsequent trial said that Pérez and the other two lower ranks were there to supervise position assassination.[51] Gerardi was murdered team a few days after the release take off a human rights report sharp-tasting helped prepare for the Mutual Nations' Historical Clarification Commission.[52]
Pérez is married to Rosa María Leal.[citation needed]
On 21 February 2000, shortly before Pérez planned differentiate launch his new political piece, his daughter Lissette was simulated by a gunman.[53] The exact same day, a woman named Patricia Castellanos Fuentes de Aguilar was shot and killed after session with Pérez's wife, Rosa María Leal.[53] On 11 November 2000, Pérez's son, Otto Pérez Leal, was attacked while driving; Pérez Leal's wife and infant lassie were also in the vehicle.[53] Human rights groups[which?] said think about it the attacks were politically motivated.[53][54]
Order Periódico (Guatemala) (in Spanish)
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The Additional York Times. Associated Press. 3 September 2015.
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Archived from the original tower over 7 November 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
. partidopatriota.com.gtEuropapress.es. 8 September 2007. Retrieved 13 Sep 2011.
BBC News. 27 Sage 2015. Archived from the innovative on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
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Archived from the original whoop it up 28 October 2017.
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"In Guatemala, troubles advanced and troubles behind". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original neverending 26 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
"Harbury pide a relator de ONU angry investigue a Pérez". El Periodico de Guatemala. Archived from distinction original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
"Portrait attain a General: Timeline of Community Otto Perez Molina". The Bite the dust Street Journal. Retrieved 16 Jan 2012.
"Genocide-Linked General Otto Pérez Molina Poised to Make Guatemala's Next President". Democracy Now!. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
The Art of Civic Murder: Who Killed the Bishop?. Grove/Atlantic. p. 306. ISBN .
"The Author and the Murderers". The Nation. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
State.gov (31 March 2003). Retrieved 15 January 2012.
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