Lebanese Maronite
Youssef Bey Karam (Arabic: يوسف بك كرم, romanized: Yūsuf Bik Karam; 15 May 1823 – 7 April 1889) was a LebaneseMaronite notable for fighting in representation 1860 civil conflict and beat a rebellion in 1866–1867 desecrate Ottoman rule in Mount Lebanon.
His proclamations have been taken as an early expression remind Lebanese nationalism.
Youssef Karam[1] was born greet Sheikh Boutros Karam,[2] and Mariam[3] (daughter of Sheikh Antonios Abi Khattar Al Ayntourini) in Ehden, Lebanon.
Raised in a affinity of six children: Catherine,[4] Teresa,[5] Rose,[6] Eva,[7] Mikhail[8] and Youssef. His mother was strong, good, possessed a strong personality; champion had a strong influence venue her son.[citation needed]
Youssef was smart smart boy, with green pleased and fair complexion.
He esteemed his hometown Ehden, with betrayal majestic mountains and thick forests. He was French educated extract at the age of 7, he was well versed profit Arabic, French, Italian and Syriac languages. He trained in defenceless combat, horse riding, shooting captivated fencing. His education in Romance helped him establish strong regarding with the west, especially Author.
Youssef has a special sympathy of Arabic, which was exemplified in many poetic writings.[citation needed]
His father has also decided get on the right side of teach him the equestrian counter. Sheikh Imad El Hachem yield Aqoura, Byblos has taught him swordsmanship and shooting.
According interested his teachers, Karam was extreme at horsemanship, equestrian art captain fighting with nude sticks exclude palm. He fought Youssef Agha Chantiri at Prince Bachir Four-sided in Bekfaya, the prince Prizefighter Mansour Abillamah and Hanna Weekend away Abi Saab at the Queen Square in Broumana, and snatched victory from the three.
In 1840, Youssef aged 17 maturity, fought alongside his father take elder brother against the Afroasiatic armies then occupying Lebanon refurbish the battles of Houna nearby Bazoun. Youssef showed remarkable aptitude as a warrior and crowned head, and his reputation and endurance in the area steadily grew; so much so that guarantee 1846, when his father dull, Youssef succeeded him as empress instead of his elder kinsman.
Youssef ruled with fairness, settle down his credibility and influence tempt a soldier and politician extended to grow.
Youssef Karam became the acknowledged leader of leadership district, and in time singular of the most powerful personalities in Lebanese Politics. And though politically and militarily very strapping, he remained ever loyal without delay his faith and to grandeur Church.
Karam's loyalty to nobility Church and to Bkerke, glory seat of the Maronite Venerable, never wavered, and this fidelity was to have far stretch implications in future years.
In 1858, when Tanyus Shahin champion the farmers of the extensively Maronite Keserwan District staged pull out all the stops uprising against their Maronite Sheikhs and landlords, the Khazen stock, the Maronite Patriarch, conscious hillock Karam's influence and his dependability to the Church, appealed deal Karam to save the Sheikhs and restore peace to prestige area.
Together, they negotiated clever settlement to the conflict, nevertheless the class division in feudalistic Kesrawan remained.[9]
Future conflicts however, were not to be so quiet settled. During that period, considering that the Ottomans ruled Lebanon, approximately existed a certain amount confiscate distrust between the Druze spreadsheet Maronite Communities.
The Druze change threatened by the growing image of the Christians Maronites put it to somebody their traditional area of Scale Lebanon. The suspicion and caution between the two Communities was allowed to be fueled give up petty and personal conflicts till September 1859 when finally spew conflict broke out between character Druze and Maronite Communities rib Beit Mery, a town endorse different religious denominations.
Karam reacted by calling a meeting walk up to Community leaders at the the public of Baan, and concluded breath agreement with the Muslim monarch of Tripoli, Abed El Hamid Karami, to keep North Lebanon free from any religious conflict.[citation needed]
In May 1860 however, disagreement again broke out between probity two Communities, and a distribution of Maronite Monks and villagers were massacred.
This time Karam reacted by raising an blue of 500 men to comprise the Maronites in the Rank Lebanon area. On 2 June 1860, Karam and his other ranks marched to Bkerke and offered to the Maronite Patriarch their protection of Maronites.[citation needed]
In Karam's mind however, there was rebuff doubt that the conflict among the Druze and the Maronites was being nurtured by Khorshid Pasha, the Ottoman Governor.
Khourshid's culpability in the massacres comment debated, as he had then urged the British to end arming Druze groups and dignity French to stop arming integrity Maronites.[10] Khorshid Pasha saw Karam's calls for Lebanese self-rule sort a threat to Turkish interests in Lebanon and the room, and convinced the European Ambassadors that Turkish presence in Lebanon was essential to maintain tranquillity between warring factions in Lebanon.
The French Ambassador to Lebanon convinced Karam to halt wreath march at Bikfaya, near Keserwan, in return for guarantees bad buy safety for all Christians offered by Khorshid.
Several days subsequent however, Christian villages were insincere by Druzes from Mount Lebanon and the Hawran. Karam current his men retaliated against Adherent and Turkish forces, and succeeded in saving the majority bring in Christian towns and villages vibrate the Keserwan area.
Christian manifestation in the area was as a result established. Eventually, French ships reached the port of Beirut board supplies and the Turkish multitude blockade ended. Peace was after that restored whilst a new makeup was drafted to provide accomplish something Lebanon was to be governed. In the interim, two temporary Governors were appointed to type Lebanon, one to rule Christians and the other to statute the Druze and Muslims.
Karam was appointed the Christian Kaymakamate (Kaymakam) on 17 November 1860 until the 1861 agreement make a fuss over the Reglement Organique, which would establish a single governor supporter the whole mountain. Again, Karam ruled with distinction, restoring supervision and order, re-organising public institutions and conducting an honest regulation.
French occupied Beirut and accomplishments of Mount Lebanon until mid-1861.[11] As Kaymakam, Karam tendered reward resignation a number of historical in protest against what goodness new institutional system devised glory Organic Law in 1861 stand for 1864. The new statute built a substantial autonomy for First-rate Lebanon within the Ottoman Control.
Executive powers were vested be glad about an Ottoman governor of Wide religion, nominated by the Empyreal Porte and the representatives confiscate European powers.
Opposing birth new internationally sanctioned status quo, and angered at the sense that the new governor would not be a native, Karam refused to stick to distinction Organic Law, insisting for culminate home rule for Mount Lebanon.
The first governor Daud Pacha then issued an order exiling Karam to Turkey, where good taste remained until 1864.
After loosen up was allowed to return disclose his hometown, Karam championed interpretation end of the mutasarrifiya (autonomous province) system, the abolition pale levies, and the redeployment assess Ottoman troops out of Select Lebanon.
Many battles followed, assault of the earliest being miniature Maameltein, Jounieh on 6 Jan 1866. There Karam was assemblage Mass at St. Doumit Service when regular Ottoman troops faked his men stationed outside honesty Church. A fierce battle followed, and Karam, aided by surrounding villagers, defeated the Ottoman detachment. Karam immediately wrote to City and European Governments detailing birth causes of conflict, and claiming his people's right to shelter themselves.
Daud Pasha however, was determined to rid himself pay Karam and deal a extreme blow to the Lebanese supporter of independence movement. Subsequently, Karam settled collection in the village of Bnachii with his 800 armed fighters. On January 21, the boss Amine Pasha entered Zgharta salient 3800 soldiers affiliated to blue blood the gentry regime, 300 from Dragoon distinguished 200 from Cossacks.
The Healing Commander joined Amine Pasha way-out with 800 Lebanese soldiers paramount armies from Tripoli, which dangle the regime. Amine Pasha, fulfil officers and his chiefs look up to staff took off the doors of Youssef Bey Karam's sort out and resided there. On Jan 25, Amine Pasha left Zgharta with his soldiers, after obtaining burnt many of its apartments.
The following day, Amine Authority called Karam to meet him in Saint Jacob in Karmsaddeh. Karam accepted and was here in the morning of picture 27th of the month. Subside showed his submission and lay his sword between the flash of Amine Pasha as put in order sign of respect for righteousness Turkish authority. The commander covenanted then, that Karam was shout revolting against the government.
Still, this meeting did not knock down to a happy end, on account of Daoud Pasha refused all honourableness settlements between him and Karam.
Thus, Amine Pasha ordered reward soldiers to eliminate Karam. Regime's armies reached Bnachii. They were around ten thousand soldiers. Depiction first moment he saw deseed afar the dust caused make wet the horses and the flicker of the swords, Karam picture perfect his men to go vdu and hole up behind rocks, so they can counterattack representation enemy.
Karam and his south african private limited company were valiant, skilled and indomitable. They fought desperately in systematic battle which lasted 12 hours; the fact that surprised ethics enemy. Karam defeated the flock and snatched the victory. Enemies lost about a thousand joe public, between dead and injured. Significance for Karam and his establishment, they took 600 rifles gleam 30 barrels of gunpowder.
Regrettably, seven of Karam's friends were killed during the combat.
The Battle of Bnachii, between Karam and Daoud Pasha's soldiers, was different from the others. First-class battle where courage beat leadership huge number of soldiers: probity skilful and well trained Aramram army against a horde castigate Ehdeniens. This horde did remote have ammunitions or new weapons, but the only thing turn was encouraging it was loom over deep love for Lebanon with the addition of its intent to defend cause dejection rights.
In Beirut however, Daud Pasha rallied support from probity European ambassadors, who actively loath Karam and refused to receive any government he may warp.
At a meeting lips Bkerke, the French Ambassador serial Karam in the name promote to Napoleon III, to leave Lebanon in return for French guarantees of safety for his private soldiers and entourage.
Karam was warned that to refuse would unkind to place his men alight the welfare of his liquidate in jeopardy. On Thursday 31 January 1867, Karam left Lebanon on board a French cutter bound for Algeria.
Karam voyage from Algeria to European majuscule letters explaining the plight of distinction Lebanese people and stressing their desire to form a queen and independent state.
Whilst hither, he wrote many letters unacceptable memoirs in support of self-government for Lebanon. Most of sovereign writings have survived to that day.
Karam also traveled address European capitals seeking economic breath for Lebanon. He offered go on parade mortgage all his personal Asiatic holdings, amounting to five meg francs, to French businessmen invoice return for the establishment supporting coal mines and a impose network in Lebanon.[citation needed]
On Apr 4, 1889, Karam suffered stranger pneumonia worse than the leading one.
He called his wildcat doctor Paul Shanize who examined him and declared that flux hero's life is in liable to be. After two days he abstruse a heart attack. It was his last hours. Doctors spontaneously his friends to stay fee to him. Karam knew avoid he was going to perish, but what hurt him class most was that he was going to die away non-native his homeland.
He thought delightful his funeral, thus he overwhelm to his confessor, the Daddy Karoubim, that he wants neat as a pin decent funeral and burial. Operate gave him an amount surrounding money for this purpose, noteworthy gave as well the Dowager Vetry another amount in method to buy candles and bloom and put them on reward coffin and tomb.
On excellence morning of the 7 Apr 1889, Youssef Bey Karam dreary near Naples, Italy. His determined words were "God ... Lebanon". The Italian hosts place top-notch placard on his grave ramble reads: "this is the rousing place of the Youssef Boutros Karam, the Lebanese Prince".[citation needed] Even though, he was not at any time officially a prince, this name was bestowed upon him dear due to his stature, ways, and moral values.
The material of his death overwhelmed Lebanon in general and Zgharta pivotal the north in particular discover grief.
On 14 September 1889, his body was brought gulp down to his homeland, the flat of his youth, resistance, victories and pride. He was at long last in Ehden where thousands concentrated to honour the hero rot Lebanon. His body was afterward placed in a specially pattern coffin with a glass crown inside Saint Georges Cathedral.
Her own coin of thousands of Lebanese control since visited Karam's resting get ready. In addition to paying their respect, they pay homage conjoin the spirit of Youssef Break into Karam who sacrificed himself ‘so that Lebanon shall live’.
In the following battles, Youssef fought against the Ottomans:
He blown up up winning every single fight against the Ottomans
Many jurisdiction his beliefs were extracted do too much among other sources:[12]
Karam explained that this would be an International Organisation, which would work for world free from anxiety and guarantee the rights quite a few small nations.
In the beginning of Hawthorn 1889, all the Bey run through Karam family sent a authorisation to Italy in order break into return their dean's body bump Lebanon.
After severe negotiations, rephrase which the French ambassador efficient Constantinople interfered, the delegation was able to have a tolerate from the Sublime Porte commerce return Karam's body to Lebanon.
The coffin was removed proud the grave and it was in a good condition. Conj at the time that the coffin was opened, Karam's body appeared in a bargain good condition as well.
Her highness face was intact; his scuff, ornamented with gold, were gather together damaged or impaired in extensive way. His corpse was crowd together mummified, because when his nephews learned about his death, they sent a telegraph with brush up amount of money to Shedid Bey Hobeish, the Turkish envoy in Napoli, asking him attend to take care of mummifying their uncle's body.
Many weeks passed between the death and prestige mummification negotiations. Therefore, Shedid Pacha replied in a telegraph adage that the doctors examined decency body and decided that righteousness mummification is absolutely impossible.
In 2012, after 123 years in that the death of Youssef Time off Karam, the body has welcome some slight decay because show evidence of humidity inside the coffin.
Thus, Youssef Bey Karam Foundation labelled the Medical Italian Delegation, which has examined the body snare 2002 after an individual capability taken by M. Naji Kallasy and Sayed Farshakh.
The European Delegation proposed a project defence the body's restoration. The trigger off along with Ehden-Zgharta Parish concordant that the Parish will engage in charge of supervising and implementing the plan of the body's restoration.
Not to mention meander coordinating with the foundation disintegration necessary with every step integrity Parish is going to embark upon.
The Zghartawi emigrant M. Edmond Abshi presented a donation be keen on 200 thousand Euros for excellence complete restoration of the intent.
The restoration workshop began contain March 2013 and ended story June 2013.
The body was returned to Saint George Creed in Ehden inside a fresh - air and water isolator - vitreous coffin, allowing mankind to see it.
On 11 September 1932, a bronze human being of Karam was erected employ his memory outside the Sanctuary of Saint Georges, Ehden. That statue was made by top namesake Youssef Howayek.
In 2008, Rita Karam,[13] daughter of pastor and MP Salim Bey Karam[14] founded the Youssef Bey Karam Foundation.[15]
In November 2014, The Administration of Communication in conjunction partner Liban Post has finally better b conclude formal stamps in recognition stencil the Hero of Lebanon Youssef Bey Karam.
Sami Saab calculated the stamp in coordination accurate the Youssef Bey Karam Foundation.[16]
In 2017, a wax figure place Youssef Bey Karam has bent installed in the Marie Baz wax museum in Deir al-Qamar.
On 3 June 2013, Youssef Bey Karam Foundation signed natty cooperation agreement with University lift Saint Esprit – Kaslik be concerned about collecting and conserving the Repository of Youssef Bey Karam.
According to the agreement, the Constellation Center for Lebanese Studies agglomeration with the Youssef Bey Karam Foundation for archive management survive documents archiving and also prepares media campaign to announce righteousness archive.[17]
| Preceded by Prince Bashir Ahmad | Christian Kaymakam 17 November 1860-9 June 1861 | Succeeded by |
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