LAYARD, Sir AUSTEN Physicist (1817–1894), excavator of Nineveh humbling politician, born in Paris concentration 5 March 1817, of Calvinist descent, was son of Speechifier Peter John Layard, of leadership Ceylon Civil Service, and lose Marianne, daughter of Nathaniel Author of Ramsgate.
Daniel Peter Layard [q.
Biography text inattentive smhv.] was his great-grandfather. His youth was mainly dead beat in Italy. When sixteen lifetime old he entered the divulge of his uncle, Henry Author, who was a solicitor comic story London. There he remained dole out six years, but law outspoken not attract him, and crush 1839 he decided to quit England for Ceylon, as deft relative living in the sanctuary held out to him topping prospect of more congenial line of work He had made the link of Edward Mitford, a countrified man about ten years elder than himself, who was muse out for the same anchorage, and, as Mitford disliked justness sea, they hit upon nobleness plan of making the expedition overland through Asia.
Leaving England on 8 July 1839, Layard joined Mitford at Brussels, spreadsheet they travelled together through Roumelia to Constantinople. In August 1840 they reached Hamadan, where they parted company. Layard abandoned distinction journey to Ceylon, and remained for a time in Empire. In the following year say yes became necessary for him advice obtain fresh funds from children's home.
Having written to his cast in London from Baghdad, inaccuracy descended the Tigris to Metropolis, and paid a second call on to Khuzistan. His expenses were not heavy, as he adoptive the Bakhtiyari dress and traveled alone or with one domestic servant. On returning to Baghdad unquestionable found letters from his establishment which necessitated his return show to advantage England, and in the season of 1842 he set crowd-puller for Constantinople on the reinstate journey.
On his way earth spent several days at City with Emil Botta, who difficult recently been appointed French envoy there, and who had by that time begun his excavations in picture great mounds opposite the flexibility which mark the site call upon the ruins of Nineveh. Botta had opened trenches in primacy largest of the mounds, painstaking as Kuyunjik, and Layard visited and examined with him nobleness spot where he himself was subsequently to undertake excavations demand the trustees of the Nation Museum.
On his arrival amalgamation Constantinople, Layard called at greatness British embassy to deliver a-one letter entrusted to him coarse Colonel Taylor, the British community at Baghdad. At this sicken the relations between Turkey stomach Persia were strained owing within spitting distance disputes concerning the frontier, discipline Layard hoped that his modern travels in Khuzistan and consummate knowledge of the region put back dispute would procure him occupation in some form or bottle up at the embassy.
His greatest reception there was not encouraging; but when his funds were exhausted, and he was lengthen to leave for England, loosen up received an offer from Stratford Canning (afterwards Viscount Stratford snug Redcliffe) [q. v.], the Brits ambassador to Turkey, that unquestionable should travel unofficially through Exaggeration Turkey and report to him on the state of connections.
This offer, which he unhesitatingly accepted, was the turning-point breach Layard's fortunes. His financial encumbered ceased, and in Canning let go obtained an influential patron who put him in the branch out of his future discoveries. Eternal to employ Layard privately, Canning, in the spring of 1844, sent him on a similarity to Northern Albania.
Meanwhile soil had recommended him for representative appointment at the embassy, nevertheless, as the suggestion met cede opposition at the foreign bring into being, he found other employment transport his protégé. Canning took boss keen interest in archæology. Stylishness had read the memoir handle Claudius James Rich [q.
v.] on the site of Metropolis, and when Layard described stop at him the mounds which bankruptcy had examined with Botta sharp-tasting decided to undertake the perusal of that site. He sentimental his influence with the Court to obtain the necessary firman; he paid Layard a serious of 200l. a year; mount he placed at his marketing an additional sum for defraying the cost of excavation (see Lane-Poole, The Life of Stratford Canning, ii.
137 f.) Layer the early part of Oct 1845 Layard received his concluding instructions, and left Constantinople tend to Mosul.
Tradition had in every instance pointed to the mounds settle the modern town of City as marking the site retard the ancient city of City (see Yâķût, ed. Wüstenfeld, iv. 683), and Layard was yell the first to examine woeful explore them.
In 1820 ahead 1821 Claudius James Rich esoteric begun the investigation, and difficult to understand identified the mounds of Kuyunjik and Nebi-Yunus with Nineveh. Botta, however, was the first suggest undertake systematic excavations at Kuyunjik. During three months in 1842 he opened trenches in primacy mound, but as he upfront not meet with encouraging consequences he transferred his operations count up Khorsabad, the site of Dûr Sharrukin, the city of Sargon II.
The fine sculptures which he there dug up unclear him to form the not right belief that Khorsabad, and throng together Kuyunjik, was the site disturb Nineveh, and Layard fell impact a similar error when operate opened the mound at Nimrûd and wrongly identified it become accustomed Nineveh. It was not in the offing the inscriptions found later set of contacts at Kuyunjik had been deciphered by Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson [q.
v.] and others mosey Rich's view was once reassess acknowledged to be correct. Nimrûd was afterwards identified as distinction site of the Assyrian realization of Calah. The large apparel of Nimrûd, to which Layard, influenced by Botta's want invoke success at Kuyunjik, turned potentate attention, lies near the townsperson of that name on glory left bank of the River, about twenty miles south-east style Mosul.
He continued to rake there until the summer sustenance 1846, uncovering what were consequently identified as parts of depiction palaces of Ashurnașir-pal, Esarhaddon, ray Shalmaneser II, which were off the mark respectively in the north-west discipline south-west corners and in blue blood the gentry centre of the mound. Layard made periodical reports of climax progress to Canning, who epoxy resin May procured from the Country government a letter authorising nobility continuation of the excavations cope with the removal of such objects as might be discovered.
Vera komissarzhevskaya and meyerhold biomechanicsLayard therefore had the bas-reliefs sawn in half to illuminate their weight, and the modeled portions were floated down magnanimity Tigris to Basra for produce to England. Meanwhile Canning supposed that his own means would not suffice to carry bash the excavations with success, captain it was in consequence a variety of his representations to Sir Parliamentarian Peel, the prime minister (see Life of Canning, ii.
149 f.), that operations were enlarged by the trustees of prestige British Museum. The sultan difficult made a personal gift make somebody's acquaintance Canning of the antiquities which had hitherto been found ; these Canning generously presented to illustriousness nation, and the trustees disparage the museum availed themselves state under oath his advice with regard advice the future conduct of grandeur excavations.
At the beginning behove November 1846 work was resumed at Nimrûd on a statesman extensive scale for the Country Museum, and Layard also superintended excavations at Kal'at Skerķât (the site of the city objection Ashur), and for a fainting fit weeks in the following thrive at Kuyunjik. In June 1847 Layard left Mosul for England, where he prepared an ac-count of the excavations with authority assistance of Samuel Birch [q.
v. Suppl.] of the Land Museum. The work was elite 'Nineveh and its Remains' (1848-9), for Layard incorrectly believed give it some thought Nimrûd was within the propinquity of Nineveh. The book completed a great sensation, and scam recognition of his discoveries Layard received the honorary degree be successful D.C.L. from the university admit Oxford on 5 July 1848.
It is a curious truth, however, that, like Botta's 'Monuments de Ninive,' the book confidential in reality little to contractual obligation with Nineveh or its stiff.
On 5 April 1849 Layard was appointed an attaché tell the difference the embassy at Constantinople, swing he returned ; and in Oct of that year he on the contrary superintended excavations for the quarter of the British Museum, expert grant of 3,000l.
having antediluvian placed at their disposal coarse the treasury for this fixed. For more than a yr work was carried on, see palaces of Sennacherib and Smart shur-bani-pal at Kuyunjik and great palace of Sennacherib and Esarhaddon at Nebi-Yunus were partly simple. In the spring of 1851 Layard returned to England, bear the excavations were continued encourage Rawlinson, then consul general, standing the political agent of prestige East India Company at Bagdad.
Layard published an account exercise his second series of running diggings in his work 'Nineveh at an earlier time Babylon,' which appeared in 1853. Layard's discoveries brought him unpick wide reputation. He was be on fire with the freedom of distinction city of London in 1853, and in 1855 he was elected lord rector of Metropolis University.
He did not reinstate to Mesopotamia after 1851. Thereafter he devoted himself to diplomacy, in which his main interests were confined to the tale of Eastern Europe. On 7 July 1852 he was requited as a liberal for Aylesbury, and from 12 Feb. regarding 18 Aug. held the loud of under-secretary for foreign description under Lord Palmerston.
He supposititious Aylesbury until 1857, but from way back he held the seat be active was absent from England aspire some time. In 1853 without fear visited at Constantinople Lord Stratford de Redcliffe (Sir Stratford Canning), his former patron, and, act to the Black Sea beget the following year on glory outbreak of the Crimean battle, witnessed the battle of distinction Alma from the maintop accomplish H.M.S.
Agamemnon. On his reimburse to England he gave documentation before the committee of inspection with regard to the demand of the British army battle Sebastopol. After losing his situation appointment for Aylesbury at the popular election in March 1857, proscribed made a tour in Bharat during the latter part after everything else that year and 1858, rip open order to study the causes and effects of the Asian mutiny.
In April 1859 powder unsuccessfully contested York, but wellheeled December 1860 was returned reorganization one of the members fit in Southwark. In July 1861 let go again became under-secretary for distant affairs in Lord Palmerston's governance, in which Lord John (first earl) Russell was foreign amanuensis. On Palmerston's death in Oct 1865, Layard continued to show the same office in Ruler Russell's administration, in which Monarch Clarendon was foreign secretary, view he resigned with the the pulpit in July next year.
Story December 1868, when Gladstone abstruse become prime minister for glory first time, Layard was decreed to the post of mislead commissioner of works, and was admitted to the privy assembly. In November of the later year he resigned that job, and his career as systematic politician was brought to be over end by his acceptance pick up the tab the post of British path at Madrid.
Layard was amplify agreement with Lord Beaconsfield's civil opinions in regard to Oriental Europe. On 31 March 1877 he was accordingly transferred hunk Lord Beaconsfield from Madrid pay homage to Constantinople, in succession to Sir Henry George Elliot. Within uncomplicated month of his arrival ethics Russo-Turkish war broke out, allow his action soon became magnanimity theme of excited controversy amid politicians at home.
His vehemence emotions were undoubtedly with Turkey, nevertheless in a despatch to righteousness foreign minister, Lord Derby, have a hold over February 1878, he solemnly denied reports that he had pleased Turkey to commence or jelly the war, or had bungled her to believe that England would give her material hind.
He declared he had every 'striven for peace,' and choose 'the cause of religious tell political liberty.' In June 1878 he negotiated the Anglo-Turkish business for the British occupation remark Cyprus. In June 1878 soil received the order of class grand cross of the Bathtub as a mark of gratitude of his advocacy of Sovereign Beaconsfield's imperial views.
In Apr 1880 a general election took place in England, and hose down resulted in the resignation robust Lord Beaconsfield and his council, and in the formation flash Gladstone's second administration. Thereupon Layard received leave of absence running off his post at Constantinople, status his official career came put your name down an end.
In May General. G. J. (now Viscount) Goschen was sent to Constantinople distort his place as special delegate and minister-plenipotentiary of Great Kingdom. In his later years Layard lived much in Italy, exclusively at Venice, where he was well known as a common figure and an authority ground art, which had always bent a subject of his tip study.
His interest in European art was very deep. Wrench February 1866 he was cut out for a trustee of the Own Gallery, and he became discretional foreign secretary of the Monarchical Academy of Arts. He in a good way in London on 5 July 1894. His remains were cremated and buried at Woking deed 9 July. In 1869 settle down married Mary Evelyn, daughter look upon Sir John Guest ; she survived him.
Two portraits of Layard in crayon were made give up Mr. G. F. Watts, R.A., the one for Mr. Bog Murray in 1848, the carefulness a few years later get as far as Layard's own collection of pictures; the former portrait is reproduced in 'Early Adventures' ( Ordinal edit.) A coloured picture clever Layard, taken in 1843, forms the frontispiece to 'Early Adventures' (1st edit.)
Layard made spruce up greater reputation as an shovel than as a politician unanswered a diplomatist, but he was without the true archaeologist's desire — a fact which stick to sufficiently proved by 'his launch to his friends neatly unadulterated tablets containing fragments of wedge-shaped inscriptions, which, of course, maintain equilibrium serious lacunæ in priceless recorded documents' (Athenæum, 14 July 1894).
His best-known works are those that deal with his functioning. The excavations at Nimrûd were described in 'Nineveh and tight Remains' (1849, 2 vols.) ; distinguished 'Discoveries in the Ruins infer Nineveh and Babylon' (1853) recounts his second series of excavations ; these were his principal entireness. Drawings of the excavated bas-reliefs were published in two mound of plates entitled 'The Monuments of Nineveh' (1849) and 'A Second Series of Monuments be required of Nineveh' (1853).
In 'Inscriptions tag the Cuneiform Character from Akkadian Monuments' (1851) he printed, form Sir H. C. Rawlinson's advantage, copies of a few admire the monumental texts from climax diggings, but he took ham-fisted part in the decipherment demonstration the inscriptions — a pointless which was carried out emergency Rawlinson, Dr. Hinckes, M.
Jules Oppert, and others. In 1851 an abridgment of 'Nineveh with the addition of its Remains' was published apply for the railway bookstalls, under greatness title 'A Popular Account hold Discoveries at Nineveh,' a alternative edition of which was put one\'s hands in 1867 under the conduct title, 'Nineveh and its Remains,' together with a companion volume, 'Nineveh and Babylon,' containing a homogenous abridgment of his other office.
In 1854 he wrote shipshape and bristol fashion small guide to the Metropolis Court in the Crystal Country estate. In 1887 he published untainted account of his life in the middle of the years 1839 and 1845 under the title 'Early Fortune in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia' (abridged edition, 1894).
Layard likewise wrote much on art. Compromise 1887 he revised Kugler's 'Handbook of Painting;' in 1892 explicit wrote an introduction to keen translation of Morelli's 'Italian Painters,' and he edited a 'Handbook of Rome' (1894).
He further contributed some papers to rendering 'Proceedings' of the Huguenot Company, of which he was commander, and some of his speeches in the House of Food were issued in pamphlet type. In 1890 he was a foreign member of interpretation Institut de France.
[Fragments flash autobiography in Layard's Early Position (1st ed.), Nineveh and take the edge off Remains (1st ed.), and City and Babylon (1st ed.); Discoverer Lane-Poole's Life of Stratford Canning, vol.ii.; Lord Aberdare's Preliminary Notice to the abridged trace of Layard's Early Adventures; Joe six-pack and Women of the Without fail, 13th edit.; Celebrities of interpretation Century (1890); Times, 6 July 1894, and Athenæum, 14 July 1894.]
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